# CyberGlossary > Canonical site: https://www.cyberglossary.org ## Term (en) — default locale - [5G Security](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/5g-security): The security architecture for 5G mobile networks, defined in 3GPP TS 33.501, covering subscriber privacy, mutual authentication, and protection of signalling and user-plane traffic. - [Adaptive Attack](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/adaptive-attack-ml): An attack on a machine-learning system that is specifically designed to evade or break a known defence, instead of using a generic, defence-agnostic technique. - [Android Malware](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/android-malware): Malicious software that targets the Android operating system, typically distributed through sideloaded APKs, dropper apps on Google Play, or compromised third-party stores. - [Assume Breach](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/assume-breach): A security operating philosophy that designs controls, monitoring, and architecture around the premise that an adversary is already inside the environment, prioritizing detection, containment, and recovery alongside (not instead of) prevention. - [Ed25519](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/ed25519): An EdDSA signature scheme over the twisted Edwards curve edwards25519, offering ~128-bit security with deterministic, fast, side-channel-resistant signing as defined in RFC 8032. - [Hacktivist](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/hacktivist): A threat actor who carries out cyber attacks to advance a political, social, or ideological cause rather than for financial gain or state intelligence objectives. - [Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/role-based-access-control): An authorization model that grants permissions to roles rather than directly to users, so users inherit access by virtue of their role assignments. - [Return-Oriented Programming](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/rop-return-oriented-programming): Return-Oriented Programming (ROP) is a code-reuse exploit technique that chains short instruction sequences ending in RET to execute arbitrary computation without injecting new code. - [IP Spoofing](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/ip-spoofing): Forging the source IP address of network packets to impersonate another host, bypass filters, or amplify denial-of-service attacks. - [JWT Vulnerabilities](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/jwt-vulnerabilities): Classes of implementation flaws in JSON Web Token validation that allow attackers to forge tokens, escalate privileges, or bypass authentication. - [OWASP ZAP](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/owasp-zap): Zed Attack Proxy, an open-source web application security testing tool originally from OWASP and now stewarded by Checkmarx and the ZAP community. - [SAST (Static Application Security Testing)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/sast): Automated analysis of source code, bytecode or binaries — without executing it — to find security weaknesses such as injection, unsafe APIs or insecure crypto. - [DES (Data Encryption Standard)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/des): An obsolete 64-bit block cipher with a 56-bit key, standardized by NBS in 1977 and now considered broken because its key space can be exhausted in hours. - [Domain Generation Algorithm (DGA)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/domain-generation-algorithm): An algorithm used by malware to deterministically generate large numbers of candidate domain names so infected hosts can find their command-and-control server. - [Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attack](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dos-attack): An attack that exhausts a system's bandwidth, compute, memory, or application resources so that legitimate users can no longer access the service. - [Dragonblood](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dragonblood): A family of side-channel and downgrade attacks against WPA3 SAE (Dragonfly) that can leak the Wi-Fi password to a nearby attacker. - [Cellebrite UFED](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cellebrite): A family of mobile-forensics products from Israeli vendor Cellebrite that extract, decode and analyze data from smartphones, drones, SIMs and other devices. - [Censys](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/censys): An internet-wide scanning platform that publishes structured data on hosts and TLS certificates, used for attack-surface management and infrastructure pivoting. - [Credential Access](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/credential-access): The MITRE ATT&CK tactic (TA0006) that covers techniques used to steal account names, passwords, tokens, and other secrets. - [Cryptographic Agility](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/crypto-agility): The property of a system that lets it replace cryptographic algorithms, parameters, or keys quickly and safely when threats or standards change. - [Chain of Custody](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/chain-of-custody): The chronological, documented trail showing every person, location, and action affecting a piece of evidence from seizure through final disposition. - [CISSP](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cissp): A senior-level vendor-neutral security certification from ISC2 covering eight domains of the Common Body of Knowledge and requiring five years of paid work experience. - [Cloud Security](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cloud-security): The set of policies, controls, and technologies that protect data, applications, and infrastructure hosted in public, private, or hybrid cloud environments. - [Capture the Flag (CTF)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/ctf-capture-the-flag): A cybersecurity competition in which teams solve security challenges to retrieve hidden tokens, used for training, hiring, and community building. - [Dropper](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dropper): Malware whose role is to install ("drop") another malicious payload onto a target system, often after evading initial detection. - [HIPAA](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/hipaa): The U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, which sets national standards for protecting individually identifiable health information. - [Initial Access](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/initial-access): The MITRE ATT&CK tactic (TA0001) that covers techniques attackers use to first establish a foothold inside a target environment. - [Insecure Deserialization](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/insecure-deserialization): A vulnerability where an application deserialises untrusted data, letting attackers instantiate arbitrary objects and frequently achieve remote code execution. - [Cobalt Strike](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cobalt-strike): A commercial adversary-simulation platform widely used for red-team operations and frequently abused by threat actors for post-exploitation and command-and-control. - [Metasploit](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/metasploit): An open-source exploitation framework that bundles exploits, payloads, and post-exploitation modules into a single platform for penetration testers and researchers. - [Mimikatz](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/mimikatz): An open-source Windows post-exploitation tool that extracts plaintext passwords, hashes, Kerberos tickets, and other credentials from memory and LSASS. - [WireGuard](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/wireguard): A modern, minimal VPN protocol that uses a fixed set of state-of-the-art cryptographic primitives and runs as part of the Linux kernel. - [Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/diamond-model): An intrusion analysis framework that ties every malicious event to four linked vertices: adversary, capability, infrastructure, and victim. - [Digital Forensics](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/digital-forensics): The scientific discipline of identifying, preserving, analysing, and reporting on digital evidence from computers, networks, and devices in a legally defensible way. - [DKIM](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dkim): An email authentication standard defined in RFC 6376 that lets a sending domain add a cryptographic signature to outgoing messages so receivers can verify that headers and body were not altered. - [DMARC](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dmarc): An email authentication standard defined in RFC 7489 that lets domain owners publish a policy telling receivers what to do with messages that fail SPF or DKIM and aligned domain checks. - [Hashcat](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/hashcat): An open-source, GPU-accelerated password-recovery tool that cracks hundreds of hash and authentication algorithms using dictionary, rule, mask, and hybrid attacks. - [Plaintext](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/plaintext): Readable, unencrypted form of data that is the input to encryption and the output of correct decryption. - [Threat Intelligence](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/threat-intelligence): Evidence-based knowledge about threats and threat actors — including indicators, TTPs and context — used to guide security decisions and detection. - [Wireshark](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/wireshark): An open-source network protocol analyzer that captures and inspects packets in real time for troubleshooting, security analysis, and education. - [Bearer Token](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/bearer-token): An opaque or structured credential (RFC 6750) granting access to a resource simply by possession, without proof that the holder is the rightful owner. - [CIEM (Cloud Infrastructure Entitlement Management)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/ciem): A discipline and tooling category that discovers, analyzes, and right-sizes the identities and permissions that exist inside cloud environments. - [Cipher](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cipher): Algorithm that transforms plaintext into ciphertext (encryption) and back (decryption), parameterized by one or more cryptographic keys. - [Loader](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/loader-malware): Malware that prepares the environment and loads further payloads — often directly into memory — for a subsequent stage of an attack. - [Dark Web](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dark-web): A subset of the internet that requires special software such as Tor or I2P to access and that intentionally hides both client and server identities. - [DAST (Dynamic Application Security Testing)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dast): Black-box security testing that probes a running application over the network to find vulnerabilities visible only at runtime, such as injection, auth flaws and misconfigurations. - [Data Loss Prevention (DLP)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/data-loss-prevention): A set of technologies and policies that detect and block unauthorized exfiltration of sensitive data across endpoints, networks, email, and cloud services. - [Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/demilitarized-zone): A buffer network segment that hosts externally exposed services, isolated from the internal LAN to limit the blast radius of a breach. - [Browser Sandbox](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/browser-sandbox): An OS-level isolation layer that confines a browser's renderer and helper processes so that compromised web code cannot read the file system or other applications. - [Canary Token](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/canary-token): A specific type of honeytoken that quietly beacons home when triggered, providing a tripwire alert for unauthorized access or data handling. - [CIS Controls](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cis-controls): A prioritized set of best-practice cybersecurity safeguards maintained by the Center for Internet Security to defend against the most common cyberattacks. - [Cosign](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cosign): An open-source CLI from the Sigstore project for signing, verifying, and attesting to OCI artifacts and other software using either keyed or keyless workflows. - [BIMI](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/bimi): An email standard that lets domain owners display a verified brand logo next to authenticated messages in supporting clients, conditional on a DMARC policy of quarantine or reject. - [ChaCha20](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/chacha20): A modern stream cipher designed by Daniel J. Bernstein, using a 256-bit key and 96-bit nonce, widely deployed alongside Poly1305 as the AEAD ChaCha20-Poly1305. - [Confidential Computing](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/confidential-computing): Protecting data while it is being processed by running workloads inside hardware-based Trusted Execution Environments that isolate them from the host and the cloud operator. - [CRYSTALS-Kyber](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/crystals-kyber): A lattice-based key-encapsulation mechanism standardized by NIST as FIPS 203 (ML-KEM) in August 2024, designed to replace RSA and Diffie-Hellman key exchange in a post-quantum world. - [Cryptominer](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cryptominer): Software that performs cryptocurrency mining; malicious variants run without consent and divert host resources to attacker-controlled wallets. - [Lucky 13](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/lucky-13): A 2013 TLS timing attack by AlFardan and Paterson that exploits MAC-then-encrypt CBC processing to act as a padding oracle and recover plaintext. - [Network Segmentation](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/network-segmentation): The practice of splitting a network into multiple zones with controlled traffic between them to contain breaches and enforce least privilege. - [Fault Injection](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/fault-injection): A class of physical or logical attacks that deliberately induce abnormal conditions in hardware or software to bypass security checks or leak secrets. - [Hardware Token](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/hardware-token): Physical device that stores cryptographic secrets and performs authentication operations, used as a possession factor in multi-factor authentication. - [Secure Software Development Lifecycle (SSDLC)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/secure-sdlc): A development lifecycle in which security activities are embedded into every phase, from requirements and design through coding, testing, release and operations. - [Stealth Malware](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/stealth-malware): Malware specifically engineered to evade detection by users, security tools, and forensic investigators through hiding, mimicry, and anti-analysis tricks. - [iframe sandbox](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/iframe-sandbox): HTML attribute that applies extra restrictions to an iframe's content, blocking scripts, forms, navigation, and same-origin access unless explicitly re-enabled. - [Secure Cookie Flag](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/secure-cookie): A cookie attribute that tells the browser to send the cookie only over HTTPS, preventing exposure in cleartext on the network. - [Trusted Types](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/trusted-types): Browser API and CSP directive that prevents DOM-based XSS by requiring dangerous DOM sinks to receive typed, policy-vetted values instead of raw strings. - [DOM-Based XSS](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/xss-dom-based): An XSS variant where the injection and execution happen entirely in the browser as client-side JavaScript writes untrusted data into a sink without sanitization. - [Air-Gapped Network](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/air-gapped-network): A network that is physically and logically isolated from other networks, especially the internet, to protect highly sensitive systems such as ICS, classified networks, or vaults. - [Anomaly-Based Detection](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/anomaly-based-detection): A detection approach that builds a baseline of normal activity and flags deviations from it as potentially malicious. - [Application Allowlisting (Whitelisting)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/application-whitelisting): A defensive control that permits only explicitly approved executables, scripts, and libraries to run on an endpoint, blocking everything else by default. - [Baiting](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/baiting): A social-engineering attack that lures victims with an enticing physical or digital object designed to trigger malware execution or credential theft. - [Fork Bomb](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/fork-bomb): A denial-of-service technique in which a process repeatedly forks itself, exhausting process tables, memory, and CPU on the host. - [Mass Assignment](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/mass-assignment): A vulnerability where an application blindly binds client-supplied request fields to internal object properties, letting attackers set fields they should not control. - [Message Authentication Code (MAC)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/message-authentication-code): A short symmetric-key tag that authenticates a message and detects tampering, computed and verified with the same shared secret. - [Subresource Integrity (SRI)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/subresource-integrity): A browser mechanism that verifies a cryptographic hash of a script or stylesheet loaded from a third party before executing it, preventing tampered files from running. - [Always-On VPN](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/always-on-vpn): A device-wide policy that establishes the VPN tunnel automatically as soon as the network is available and refuses non-tunnelled traffic, enforced by Windows, Apple, and Android profiles. - [Attack Pattern](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/attack-pattern): A reusable description of how attackers exploit a class of weaknesses, used to map techniques, build detections, and harden systems against threats. - [Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/attribute-based-access-control): An authorization model that evaluates policies over attributes of the subject, resource, action, and environment to decide whether to allow an access request. - [Autopsy](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/autopsy-software): Open-source digital-forensics platform developed by Brian Carrier and Basis Technology that provides a graphical front end to The Sleuth Kit and a rich set of analysis modules. - [ARP Spoofing](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/arp-spoofing): A local-network attack that sends forged ARP messages to bind the attacker's MAC address to another host's IP, redirecting traffic through the attacker. - [Blue Team](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/blue-team): The defensive security group responsible for monitoring, detecting, responding to, and continuously improving defenses against attacks. - [ChaCha20-Poly1305](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/chacha20-poly1305): An AEAD construction pairing the ChaCha20 stream cipher with the Poly1305 one-time authenticator, standardised in RFC 8439 for TLS 1.3 and WireGuard. - [Cloud Misconfiguration](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cloud-misconfiguration): A security gap caused by incorrect or insecure settings of cloud services, such as exposed storage, weak IAM policies, or open management ports. - [Boot Sector Virus](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/boot-sector-virus): A virus that infects the boot sector or master boot record of a disk so it runs before the operating system loads. - [EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/epss): A data-driven model, maintained by FIRST, that estimates the probability a given CVE will be exploited in the wild within the next 30 days. - [Hardware Security Module (HSM)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/hsm): Tamper-resistant hardware appliance that generates, stores, and uses cryptographic keys without ever exposing the raw key material to the operating system. - [MAC Spoofing](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/mac-spoofing): Changing a network interface's hardware MAC address to impersonate another device, bypass MAC-based access controls, or evade tracking. - [Address Poisoning](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/address-poisoning): Address poisoning seeds a victim's transaction history with attacker-controlled lookalike addresses so they later copy-paste the wrong one and send funds to the attacker. - [AI Model Card](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/ai-model-card): A standardised document, introduced by Margaret Mitchell and colleagues in 2018, that describes a machine-learning model's intended use, training data, performance, limitations, and ethical considerations. - [Attribute-Based Encryption](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/attribute-based-encryption): Public-key encryption (Sahai/Waters 2005) where ciphertexts and keys are linked to attributes and policies, so decryption succeeds only if the policy is satisfied. - [Burp Suite](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/burp-suite): An intercepting web proxy and testing toolkit by PortSwigger, used to discover, manipulate, and exploit vulnerabilities in HTTP and HTTPS applications. - [CSRF Token](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/csrf-token): Unpredictable, per-session value embedded in forms or headers so the server can confirm that state-changing requests originate from its own pages. - [Cyber Kill Chain](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cyber-kill-chain): Lockheed Martin's seven-stage model that describes how a targeted intrusion progresses from reconnaissance to actions on objectives. - [DDoS Mitigation](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/ddos-mitigation): DDoS mitigation is the set of techniques and services that absorb, filter, and re-route distributed denial-of-service attacks before they exhaust a target's network, infrastructure, or application capacity. - [Cryptography](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cryptography): The science of securing information through mathematical techniques that provide confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, and non-repudiation in the presence of adversaries. - [Exploit](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/exploit): A piece of code, data, or technique that takes advantage of a vulnerability to cause unintended behaviour such as code execution, privilege escalation, or information disclosure. - [Password](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/password): A secret string of characters that a user supplies to prove identity to a system, traditionally the dominant single-factor authentication mechanism. - [Computer Virus](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/virus): Malicious code that inserts copies of itself into other programs or files and executes when the host is run. - [Ciphertext](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/ciphertext): Output of an encryption algorithm: data that should be unintelligible to anyone without the correct key. - [DevSecOps](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/devsecops): A culture and set of practices that integrates security responsibilities into DevOps workflows so engineers ship secure software continuously and at speed. - [System Hardening](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/hardening): Reducing the attack surface of a system by removing unnecessary features, tightening configurations, and enforcing secure defaults. - [Vulnerability](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/vulnerability): A weakness in a system, application, or process that an attacker can exploit to violate confidentiality, integrity, or availability. - [BIOS Rootkit](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/bios-rootkit): A rootkit that infects legacy BIOS firmware so it executes before the operating system, achieving deep persistence below the OS. - [Card Skimming](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/card-skimming): Theft of payment-card data by capturing it at the point of entry, either via a hidden physical device or malicious script on a website checkout. - [Code Injection](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/code-injection): A class of vulnerabilities where attacker-supplied data is interpreted and executed as code by an application, leading to arbitrary execution in its context. - [Cryptojacking](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cryptojacking): The unauthorized use of someone else's computing resources to mine cryptocurrency, typically via malware or malicious browser scripts. - [API Security](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/api-security): The discipline of designing, building and operating application programming interfaces so that authentication, authorization, data exposure and abuse-resistance hold up under attack. - [Incident Response](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/incident-response): The organised process of preparing for, detecting, analysing, containing, eradicating, and recovering from cyber security incidents, then capturing lessons learned. - [Penetration Testing](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/penetration-testing): An authorized, simulated cyberattack against systems, applications, or people to identify exploitable weaknesses before real adversaries do. - [TLS (Transport Layer Security)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/tls): The IETF-standardized cryptographic protocol that provides confidentiality, integrity, and authentication for traffic between two networked applications. - [Attack Vector](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/attack-vector): Specific path or technique an attacker uses to gain unauthorized access to a target, such as phishing, exploit of a CVE, or stolen credentials. - [Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cyber-threat-intelligence): Evidence-based knowledge about adversaries, their motivations, and methods, used to inform defensive decisions and prioritize controls. - [Indicator of Compromise (IoC)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/indicator-of-compromise): An observable artifact — such as a file hash, IP, domain, URL, or registry key — that suggests a system has been or is being compromised. - [Known Exploited Vulnerability (KEV)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/known-exploited-vulnerability): A CVE that the U.S. CISA confirms is being actively exploited and adds to its public KEV Catalog, triggering remediation deadlines for U.S. federal agencies. - [DNS Cache Poisoning](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dns-cache-poisoning): An attack that inserts forged records into a DNS resolver's cache so subsequent queries return attacker-chosen addresses until the TTL expires. - [Heap Overflow](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/heap-overflow): A buffer overflow that occurs in dynamically allocated memory, often corrupting allocator metadata, function pointers, or object virtual tables. - [Timing Attack](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/timing-attack): A side-channel attack that recovers secret information by measuring how long an operation takes under different inputs. - [Zero-Day Exploit](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/zero-day-exploit): Working exploit code for a vulnerability that the vendor does not yet know about, or for which no patch is available — extremely valuable to attackers. - [Command and Control (C2)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/command-and-control): The infrastructure and channels attackers use to maintain communication with compromised systems and send them instructions. - [SIEM](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/siem): A platform that aggregates, normalizes and correlates security telemetry from across the enterprise to enable detection, investigation, compliance and reporting. - [Threat Hunting](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/threat-hunting): Proactive, hypothesis-driven search through telemetry to uncover threats that have evaded existing detections. - [Reflected XSS](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/xss-reflected): A non-persistent XSS where attacker-controlled input from a request is immediately reflected into the response and executed in the victim's browser. - [MIME Sniffing](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/mime-sniffing): Browser behaviour of guessing a response's content type from its bytes, which can be exploited to execute uploaded files as scripts. - [MITRE ATT&CK](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/mitre-attack): A globally accessible knowledge base of adversary tactics and techniques observed in real-world attacks, maintained by MITRE. - [Session Token](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/session-token): Opaque identifier issued after authentication that the client returns with each request, letting the server look up the user's session state. - [Spyware](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/spyware): Malware that secretly collects information about a user, device, or organization and sends it to an external party. - [Cipher Suite](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cipher-suite): A named combination of cryptographic algorithms — key exchange, authentication, bulk encryption, and integrity — negotiated by protocols such as TLS for a given session. - [Integer Overflow](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/integer-overflow): A bug where an arithmetic operation produces a value outside the representable range of its integer type, wrapping or truncating in security-critical ways. - [Remote Access Trojan (RAT)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/remote-access-trojan): Malware that gives an attacker covert, interactive control of an infected device, similar to a hidden remote-administration tool. - [Computer Worm](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/worm): Self-replicating malware that propagates across networks autonomously, without requiring a host file or user interaction. - [Certificate Revocation List (CRL)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/certificate-revocation-list): A signed, periodically published list of digital certificates that a CA has invalidated before their natural expiry, used by relying parties to detect revoked certs. - [CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) Catalog](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cisa-kev-catalog): A U.S. CISA-maintained list of CVEs with credible evidence of in-the-wild exploitation, paired with mandatory remediation deadlines for U.S. federal civilian agencies and widely used by enterprises as a priority signal. - [Command Injection](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/command-injection): An attack where user input is passed unsanitized to an operating-system shell, causing the application to execute attacker-supplied commands. - [Content Security Policy (CSP)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/content-security-policy): An HTTP response header that tells the browser which sources of scripts, styles, frames and other content are allowed, limiting the impact of XSS and data-injection attacks. - [Kubernetes Admission Controller](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/admission-controller): An admission controller is a Kubernetes API server plugin that intercepts authenticated requests before persistence to validate, mutate, or reject objects against policy. - [AppInit_DLLs](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/appinit-dll): Legacy Windows persistence technique that abuses a registry value so a specified DLL is loaded into every user-mode process linking user32.dll. - [ASLR](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/aslr): Address Space Layout Randomization randomizes the memory locations of code, stacks, heaps, and libraries so attackers cannot reliably predict target addresses for exploits. - [ASN.1](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/asn-1): Abstract Syntax Notation One: an ITU-T standard (X.680 series) that describes data structures used in cryptography and telecoms in a language-independent way. - [Container Security](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/container-security): The practice of securing container images, registries, orchestrators, and the runtime in which containers execute. - [HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/hsts): A web security policy delivered via an HTTP response header that tells browsers to access a domain only over HTTPS for a declared period of time. - [ISO/IEC 27001](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/iso-iec-27001): The international standard specifying requirements for an Information Security Management System (ISMS), against which organizations can be formally certified. - [Polymorphic Malware](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/polymorphic-malware): Malware that changes its on-disk appearance — typically via re-encryption or packing — for each infection, while keeping its core logic intact. - [AWS IMDSv2](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/aws-imdsv2): The session-token-based replacement for the AWS EC2 Instance Metadata Service, designed to defeat SSRF-based credential theft of EC2 instance role tokens by requiring a PUT-issued, short-lived token on every request. - [BB84 Protocol](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/bb84-protocol): The first quantum key distribution protocol, proposed by Bennett and Brassard in 1984, which encodes random bits on photon polarization states. - [BLAKE2](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/blake2): A fast, modern cryptographic hash function specified in RFC 7693, offering security comparable to SHA-3 with significantly higher performance in software. - [Certificate Pinning](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/certificate-pinning): A technique in which an application hard-codes an expected certificate or public key and refuses TLS connections that do not match, defeating rogue or compromised CAs. - [ATM Jackpotting](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/atm-jackpotting): An attack in which the cash dispenser of an ATM is forced to spit out all its cash, either via physical access to the top box or via a network compromise. - [BlueBorne](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/blueborne): A 2017 set of Bluetooth vulnerabilities discovered by Armis that allowed remote code execution and man-in-the-middle attacks on Android, iOS, Linux, and Windows. - [Bootkit](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/bootkit): Malware that infects the boot process — MBR, VBR, or UEFI — to load before the operating system and obtain persistent, privileged control. - [Broken Access Control](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/broken-access-control): A class of vulnerabilities where authorization rules are missing or incorrectly enforced, letting users perform actions or reach data outside their privileges. - [AMD SEV / SEV-SNP](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/amd-sev): AMD EPYC technology that encrypts and integrity-protects each virtual machine's memory, isolating guests from a malicious or compromised hypervisor. - [AppArmor](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/apparmor): A path-based mandatory access control system for Linux, used by Ubuntu and SUSE as a simpler alternative to SELinux for confining individual programs. - [Application Security (AppSec)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/application-security): The discipline of designing, building, testing and operating software so it resists abuse, tampering and unauthorized access throughout its lifecycle. - [Asset Management](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/asset-management): The continuous discovery, inventory, classification, and lifecycle tracking of every hardware, software, cloud, and data asset that the security program must protect. - [Account Enumeration](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/account-enumeration): An attack that abuses application responses to determine which accounts, emails, or phone numbers exist on a target system. - [Account Lockout](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/account-lockout): A control that temporarily or permanently blocks sign-in attempts after a configured number of consecutive failures, slowing online password-guessing attacks. - [AEAD (Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/aead): A symmetric encryption primitive that provides confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity in one operation, with the ability to bind unencrypted 'associated data' (headers, routing info) to the ciphertext's authentication tag. - [AES-CTR](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/aes-ctr): A stream-cipher mode that turns AES into a keystream generator by encrypting an incrementing counter and XORing the output with the plaintext. - [Accounting (AAA)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/accounting): The third pillar of the AAA framework: recording what an authenticated identity did, when, from where and to which resources, for audit and billing purposes. - [Active Defense](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/active-defense): A defensive strategy that goes beyond passive monitoring to engage, mislead, and disrupt adversaries inside the defender's own network and assets. - [AES-CBC](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/aes-cbc): An unauthenticated block-cipher mode that chains AES encryption with the previous ciphertext block; vulnerable to padding-oracle attacks when used without a MAC. - [Amcache.hve](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/amcache): A Windows registry hive that records detailed metadata about every executable that has run or been present on a system, including SHA-1 hashes, providing strong execution evidence on modern Windows. - [CIA Triad](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cia-triad): Foundational information-security model that groups objectives into Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. - [Dictionary Attack](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dictionary-attack): A targeted password-guessing attack that tries entries from a precompiled list of likely words, leaked passwords, and rule-mutated variations. - [Patch Management](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/patch-management): The end-to-end process of identifying, testing, deploying, and verifying software updates that fix vulnerabilities or bugs. - [Same-Origin Policy (SOP)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/same-origin-policy): Browser security rule that restricts how a document or script loaded from one origin can interact with a resource from a different origin. - [Golden Ticket](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/golden-ticket): A forged Kerberos Ticket-Granting Ticket signed with the krbtgt account hash that lets attackers impersonate any principal in a domain. - [NTLM Relay Attack](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/ntlm-relay): An adversary-in-the-middle attack (MITRE T1557.001) in which an attacker forwards a victim's NTLM authentication to another service to impersonate them without ever knowing the password. - [Responder Attack](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/responder-attack): An attack that uses Laurent Gaffie's Responder tool to poison LLMNR, NBT-NS, and mDNS, run rogue authentication servers, and capture or relay NTLM credentials on a local network. - [SMB Relay Attack](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/smb-relay): A specific NTLM relay variant in which an attacker forwards a victim's SMB authentication to another SMB server to gain code execution or file access as the victim. - [AMSI Bypass](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/amsi-bypass): Techniques that disable, patch, or evade the Windows Antimalware Scan Interface so that scripts and in-memory payloads are not inspected by antivirus engines. - [bcrypt](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/bcrypt): An adaptive password-hashing function based on the Blowfish cipher with a tunable cost factor, designed by Provos and Mazières in 1999. - [BEAST Attack](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/beast-attack): A 2011 chosen-plaintext attack on SSL 3.0 and TLS 1.0 CBC ciphers (CVE-2011-3389) by Rizzo and Duong that recovers HTTPS cookies via a predictable IV flaw. - [Bleichenbacher Attack](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/bleichenbacher-attack): A 1998 adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack by Daniel Bleichenbacher that recovers RSA plaintext when the server leaks whether PKCS#1 v1.5 padding is valid. - [Account Takeover (ATO)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/account-takeover): An attack in which a criminal gains unauthorised control of a legitimate user account and uses it to steal funds, data, or commit further fraud. - [Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/advanced-persistent-threat): A stealthy, well-resourced threat actor — typically state-sponsored — that gains long-term, undetected access to a target network to steal data or pre-position for disruption. - [Adware](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/adware): Software that automatically displays, injects, or redirects to advertisements, often bundled with free software and frequently tracking user behavior. - [AES-GCM](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/aes-gcm): An authenticated encryption mode that combines AES in counter mode with a GHASH-based authentication tag for confidentiality and integrity in a single pass. - [CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cve): A public catalogue that assigns a unique identifier to each disclosed software or hardware vulnerability so they can be referenced unambiguously across the industry. - [Keylogger](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/keylogger): Software or hardware that records the keystrokes a user types, used to steal passwords, financial data, or messages. - [Rootkit](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/rootkit): Stealth malware that grants and hides privileged access to an operating system or device, evading detection by standard tools. - [Zero-Day Vulnerability](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/zero-day-vulnerability): A security flaw that is unknown to the vendor (or for which no patch yet exists) at the moment it is discovered or exploited. - [Deepfake](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/deepfake): Synthetic audio, image, or video media generated by AI to convincingly depict a real person saying or doing something they did not. - [Passkey](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/passkey): A phishing-resistant FIDO2/WebAuthn credential — a device-bound or syncable asymmetric key pair that replaces passwords with a cryptographic challenge-response. - [Prompt Injection](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/prompt-injection): An attack that overrides an LLM's original instructions by smuggling adversarial text into the prompt, causing the model to ignore safeguards or execute attacker-chosen actions. - [AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/aes): A NIST-standardized 128-bit block cipher with 128-, 192- or 256-bit keys, designed by Daemen and Rijmen and used as the dominant symmetric cipher worldwide. - [Antivirus (AV)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/antivirus): Endpoint software that detects and removes malicious files using signature databases, file scanning, and basic heuristics — the historical foundation of endpoint security. - [Authorization](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/authorization): The process of deciding what an already-authenticated identity is allowed to do — which resources, actions and conditions are permitted. - [Malware](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/malware): Any software intentionally designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computers, networks, or data. - [Access Token](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/access-token): Short-lived credential issued by an authorization server that a client presents to an API to access protected resources on a user's or service's behalf. - [API Key](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/api-key): Static secret string issued by a service to identify and authenticate a caller, usually sent in a header or query parameter on every API request. - [Argon2](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/argon2): A modern memory-hard password hashing function and KDF, winner of the 2015 Password Hashing Competition and specified in RFC 9106. - [Attack Surface](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/attack-surface): Sum of all points where an attacker can attempt to enter, extract data from, or manipulate a system, including networks, software, identities, supply chain, and people. - [Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cross-site-scripting): A web vulnerability that allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into pages viewed by other users, executing in the victim's browser under the site's origin. - [Firewall](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/firewall): A network security device or software that monitors and controls inbound and outbound traffic based on a defined ruleset, separating trusted from untrusted networks. - [SQL Injection](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/sql-injection): A code-injection attack that smuggles attacker-controlled SQL into a database query, letting the attacker read, modify, or destroy data. - [VPN (Virtual Private Network)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/vpn): A technology that creates an encrypted, authenticated tunnel over a public network so that traffic appears to travel through a private network. - [DNS Tunneling](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dns-tunneling): A covert channel that encodes arbitrary data inside DNS queries and responses on UDP/TCP port 53, frequently used for command-and-control and data exfiltration. - [ICMP](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/icmp): A network-layer control and diagnostics protocol (RFC 792 for IPv4, RFC 4443 for IPv6) used by hosts and routers to report errors and signal path conditions. - [Network Address Translation (NAT)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/nat): A technique by which a router rewrites IP addresses and ports as packets traverse it, letting many internal hosts share one or a few public addresses. - [Subnet](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/subnet): A contiguous range of IP addresses that share a common prefix, defining a single broadcast domain and routing boundary on a network. - [ARP](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/arp): A link-layer protocol (RFC 826) that maps an IPv4 address to the MAC address of a host on the same broadcast domain so that frames can be delivered. - [CAPTCHA](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/captcha): Challenge-response test designed to distinguish humans from automated bots, typically deployed on signup, login, and form-submission endpoints. - [DHCP](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dhcp): A UDP-based protocol (RFC 2131, ports 67/68) that automatically assigns IP addresses and network configuration parameters to clients joining a network. - [SYN Flood](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/syn-flood): A TCP-based denial-of-service attack that sends many SYN packets without completing the three-way handshake, exhausting the target's connection-state resources. - [Buffer Overflow](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/buffer-overflow): A memory-safety flaw where a program writes past the end of an allocated buffer, corrupting adjacent memory and often enabling code execution. - [Clickjacking](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/clickjacking): A UI-redress attack that tricks users into clicking on something different from what they perceive by overlaying or hiding a target page inside an attacker-controlled page. - [Credential Stuffing](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/credential-stuffing): An automated attack that replays large lists of username/password pairs leaked from one service against other services, exploiting password reuse to take over accounts. - [TLS Handshake](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/tls-handshake): The initial protocol exchange in Transport Layer Security that authenticates the server (and optionally the client) and derives the symmetric keys used to encrypt the rest of the session. - [DROWN Attack (CVE-2016-0800)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/drown-attack): A 2016 cross-protocol attack that uses an SSLv2-enabled server sharing keys with TLS to decrypt modern TLS sessions, undermining the security of HTTPS, SMTPS, and IMAPS. - [EternalBlue (CVE-2017-0144)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/eternalblue): An NSA-developed exploit for a 2017 Microsoft SMBv1 remote code execution vulnerability, leaked by the Shadow Brokers and used by WannaCry and NotPetya. - [PrintNightmare (CVE-2021-34527)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/printnightmare): A 2021 Windows Print Spooler vulnerability that let a low-privileged user install a malicious print driver and execute code with SYSTEM privileges. - [ProxyShell](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/proxyshell): A 2021 exploit chain in Microsoft Exchange Server (CVE-2021-34473, CVE-2021-34523, CVE-2021-31207) that combined three flaws into unauthenticated remote code execution. - [Botnet](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/botnet): A network of internet-connected devices infected with malware and remotely controlled by an attacker to perform coordinated activities. - [DNS Spoofing](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dns-spoofing): An attack that injects falsified DNS responses to redirect victims from a legitimate domain to an attacker-controlled IP address. - [Ransomware](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/ransomware): Malware that encrypts a victim's data or locks systems and demands payment in exchange for restoring access. - [Use-After-Free](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/use-after-free): A memory-safety bug where a program continues to use memory after it has been freed, often allowing attackers to control object state and hijack execution. - [Heartbleed (CVE-2014-0160)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/heartbleed): A 2014 buffer over-read in OpenSSL's TLS heartbeat extension that let attackers read up to 64 KB of process memory per request, leaking keys, sessions, and passwords. - [Kerberoasting](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/kerberoasting): An offline password attack that requests Kerberos service tickets for service accounts and cracks the encrypted portion to recover their cleartext passwords. - [Log4Shell (CVE-2021-44228)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/log4shell): A critical December 2021 remote code execution vulnerability in Apache Log4j 2 that allowed attackers to run arbitrary code by logging a single JNDI lookup string. - [Zerologon (CVE-2020-1472)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/zerologon): A cryptographic flaw in Microsoft's Netlogon protocol that lets a network attacker reset a Domain Controller's machine password and seize Active Directory. - [LLMjacking](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/llmjacking): An attack in which adversaries use stolen cloud credentials to access and abuse hosted large language model services, running up large inference bills for the victim or reselling the access. - [AS-REP Roasting](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/as-rep-roasting): An Active Directory attack that requests Kerberos AS-REP messages for accounts with pre-authentication disabled, then cracks the returned encrypted blob offline to recover the user's password. - [Phishing](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/phishing): A social-engineering attack in which an attacker impersonates a trusted party to trick a victim into revealing credentials, transferring money, or running malware. - [Adversary-in-the-Middle (AiTM) Phishing](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/adversary-in-the-middle): A phishing technique that places a reverse-proxy server between the victim and the real login page to relay credentials and steal the post-authentication session cookie, bypassing most MFA. - [BYOVD (Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/byovd): An attack technique where adversaries load a legitimately signed but vulnerable kernel driver, then exploit its flaw to gain kernel-level access and disable security tools. - [Vendor Security Assessment](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/vendor-security-assessment): The structured evaluation of a third-party supplier's security controls, policies, and practices before and during a business relationship to gauge the risk they introduce. - [Quishing](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/quishing): Phishing that hides a malicious URL inside a QR code, prompting victims to scan it with a phone and visit a credential-harvesting or malware page outside corporate defenses. - [Account Abstraction (ERC-4337)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/account-abstraction-erc4337): An Ethereum standard that replaces externally-owned accounts with smart-contract wallets able to express arbitrary signing logic — social recovery, session keys, sponsored gas, multi-factor approval — without Layer 1 protocol changes. - [Agent Tesla](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/agent-tesla): A .NET-based remote access trojan and information stealer active since 2014, sold openly as a commercial product and distributed primarily through phishing emails carrying malicious Office documents and archive attachments. - [Agentic AI Security](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/agentic-ai-security): The discipline of securing autonomous LLM agents that plan, call tools, and act on real-world systems, where prompt injection turns into remote code execution and excessive agency into actual blast radius. - [AI Red Teamer](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/ai-red-teamer): A specialist who probes AI systems — LLMs, agents, multimodal models — for harmful behaviors, jailbreaks, safety failures, and security vulnerabilities, blending traditional offensive security with ML-specific adversarial techniques. - [Android Keystore System](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/android-keystore): Android's hardware-backed key container that confines cryptographic key material to a Trusted Execution Environment or StrongBox, exposing keys only by reference and enforcing per-key access policies such as biometric or device-credential gating. - [APK Repackaging](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/apk-repackaging): An Android attack technique that unpacks a legitimate APK, modifies its code or resources (ads, trackers, malware, license bypass), repacks and re-signs it, then redistributes the trojanized app through unofficial stores or sideload campaigns. - [Apple App Attest](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/app-attest-ios): Apple's iOS / iPadOS / tvOS / watchOS attestation service that lets an app prove to its backend that it is the genuine, App-Store-signed binary running on a real Apple device with Secure Enclave protection. - [Application Security Engineer](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/appsec-engineer): An engineer who owns the security of an organization's software — threat modeling, secure design reviews, SAST/DAST/SCA tooling, secrets and dependency hygiene, security training, and partnership with development teams to fix what's found. - [ASPM (Application Security Posture Management)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/aspm): A consolidation layer above SAST/DAST/SCA/secrets/IaC scanners that normalizes findings, ties them to application context, deduplicates, prioritizes by reachability and exploitability, and tracks remediation across teams. - [Attack Flow](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/attack-flow): A MITRE Engenuity Center for Threat-Informed Defense language and toolset for describing how adversaries chain techniques into multi-step operations, complementing ATT&CK's per-technique catalog with sequencing and decision logic. - [Attribution Reporting API](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/attribution-reporting): A Privacy Sandbox API in Chrome and Android that lets advertisers measure ad conversions across sites without cross-site identifiers, using browser-mediated, noise-injected event-level or aggregated reports. - [BACnet](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/bacnet): A building-automation and HVAC protocol standardized as ASHRAE 135 / ISO 16484-5 — widely deployed in HVAC, lighting, fire-alarm, and access-control systems in commercial buildings, historically with very weak authentication. - [Bulk Extractor](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/bulk-extractor): An open-source, parallelized forensic tool by Simson Garfinkel that streams through disk images, memory dumps, and arbitrary binary blobs to extract structured artifacts — emails, URLs, credit-card numbers, network packets — without first parsing a filesystem. - [CAA Record (Certification Authority Authorization)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/caa-record): A DNS record type (RFC 8659) that lets a domain owner restrict which Certificate Authorities are allowed to issue certificates for the domain, blocking accidental or malicious mis-issuance by other CAs. - [MITRE Caldera](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/caldera): An open-source adversary emulation platform from MITRE that automates the execution of ATT&CK techniques against a target environment via lightweight agents, supporting red-team operations and detection-engineering exercises. - [ClickFix Attack](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/clickfix-attack): A 2024-vintage social-engineering lure that displays a fake CAPTCHA, error dialog, or 'verify you're human' page instructing the victim to paste a pre-copied PowerShell command into Run, delivering info-stealers or loaders. - [Cloud Control Plane Attack](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cloud-control-plane-attack): An attack that targets the management API of a cloud provider (AWS, Azure, GCP) — IAM, billing, deployment APIs — rather than workloads, achieving tenant-wide impact through stolen tokens, federation abuse, or partner-channel compromises. - [Cloud Security Engineer](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cloud-security-engineer): An engineer who owns the security of an organization's cloud footprint — IAM design, IaC guardrails, CSPM/CNAPP tuning, control-plane hardening, container and Kubernetes security, and partnership with platform teams. - [ConnectWise ScreenConnect (CVE-2024-1709 / CVE-2024-1708)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/connectwise-screenconnect-cve-2024): A February 2024 authentication-bypass (CVE-2024-1709, CVSS 10.0) and path-traversal (CVE-2024-1708, CVSS 8.4) in ConnectWise ScreenConnect that allowed unauthenticated administrative takeover of MSP-managed RMM servers, exploited en masse within hours. - [Cross-Origin Embedder Policy (COEP)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cross-origin-embedder-policy): An HTTP response header that forces every cross-origin subresource a document loads to explicitly opt in via CORS or CORP, completing the cross-origin isolation prerequisites alongside COOP. - [Cross-Origin Opener Policy (COOP)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cross-origin-opener-policy): An HTTP response header that lets a document opt into a process-isolated browsing context group, preventing cross-origin windows from inspecting or manipulating it via `window.opener` and friends. - [Crown Jewels Analysis](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/crown-jewels-analysis): A MITRE-popularized methodology that identifies the small set of mission-critical assets whose loss would unacceptably harm the organization, then concentrates protection, monitoring, and IR investment there. - [Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) Analyst](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cti-analyst): A specialist who collects, structures, and disseminates intelligence about threat actors, campaigns, and TTPs — at strategic, operational, and tactical tiers — to inform defenders, IR teams, and executive decision-makers. - [CycloneDX](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/cyclonedx): An OWASP-curated open standard for software, SaaS, ML, and crypto bills of materials, designed from the start for security use cases and now widely used to ship SBOMs alongside releases. - [Dark Patterns](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dark-patterns): Deceptive user-interface designs that nudge or trick users into actions against their interest — over-broad consent, hidden cancellations, sneak-in opt-ins — increasingly regulated under GDPR Article 5, the EU DSA, and U.S. FTC Click-to-Cancel rules. - [Data Broker](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/data-broker): A business that aggregates personal data about consumers from public, commercial, and observed sources and sells it onward — increasingly regulated under California's Delete Act, U.S. state data-broker registries, EU privacy law, and CFPB Section 1033 rules. - [Data Protection Officer (DPO)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/data-protection-officer): A statutorily-recognized role under GDPR Articles 37–39 (and several other privacy laws) that oversees an organization's data-protection compliance, advises on DPIAs, and acts as the contact point for regulators and data subjects. - [Device Code Flow (OAuth 2.0 Device Authorization Grant)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/device-code-flow): An OAuth 2.0 grant (RFC 8628) where an input-constrained device (smart TV, CLI, IoT device) shows the user a code and a verification URL to authenticate on a second device — convenient for CLIs but a documented phishing vector. - [Device Code Phishing](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/device-code-phishing): An identity attack that abuses the OAuth 2.0 device authorization grant: the attacker starts a device-code flow and lures the victim into typing the resulting code on a legitimate login page, granting the attacker tokens for the victim's account. - [DFIR Analyst](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dfir-analyst): A digital-forensics and incident-response specialist who investigates intrusions end-to-end — preserving evidence, building timelines from endpoint, cloud, and network telemetry, identifying TTPs, and supporting eradication and legal proceedings. - [DNS over QUIC (DoQ)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dns-over-quic): A DNS transport (RFC 9250, 2022) that runs DNS queries over QUIC, providing the confidentiality and integrity of DoT/DoH with lower handshake latency, better connection migration, and head-of-line blocking immunity from QUIC. - [DOM Clobbering](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dom-clobbering): A browser-side technique in which attacker-controlled HTML elements with `id` or `name` attributes shadow global JavaScript variables, turning seemingly harmless markup into a vector for XSS, CSP bypass, and gadget chaining. - [DPDP Act (Digital Personal Data Protection Act, India)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dpdp-india): India's first comprehensive personal-data protection statute, enacted in August 2023 and being progressively operationalized, requiring lawful purpose for processing, consent notices, data-principal rights, breach notification, and a Data Protection Board of India. - [DPoP (Demonstrating Proof of Possession)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dpop): An OAuth 2.0 extension (RFC 9449) that binds access tokens to a per-client key pair, so a stolen bearer token cannot be replayed by an attacker without also stealing the private signing key. - [DSPM (Data Security Posture Management)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dspm): A class of tools that discover, classify, and continuously monitor sensitive data across multi-cloud, SaaS, and data-lake environments, then surface posture risk such as exposed PII or over-permissioned datasets. - [Dwell Time](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/dwell-time): The interval between an adversary's initial compromise of an environment and the defender's detection of that compromise — a headline industry metric reported annually by IR firms such as Mandiant. - [EAP-TLS](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/eap-tls): An EAP authentication method (RFC 5216) that mutually authenticates an 802.1X supplicant and a RADIUS server with X.509 certificates over a TLS handshake — the gold standard for enterprise Wi-Fi and wired NAC. - [EIP-712 Signing](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/eip-712-signing): An Ethereum standard for typed, structured off-chain message signing that lets wallets display human-readable intent (e.g. 'sell 1 ETH to user X by Friday') and bind the signature to a domain, chain, and contract. - [Microsoft Entra ID](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/entra-id): Microsoft's cloud identity service — formerly Azure Active Directory — providing identity, single sign-on, MFA, Conditional Access, and external-identity capabilities for Microsoft 365 and millions of integrated SaaS applications. - [EU Cyber Resilience Act (CRA)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/eu-cyber-resilience-act): EU Regulation 2024/2847 imposing security-by-design, vulnerability handling, and conformity-assessment obligations on essentially all products with digital elements sold in the EU, with main obligations applying from December 2027. - [Excessive Agency](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/excessive-agency): OWASP LLM06 — granting an LLM-driven system more functionality, permissions, or autonomy than it actually needs, so that a successful prompt injection or model error translates into outsized real-world impact. - [Field CISO](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/field-ciso): A vendor-side role — usually housed at a security platform vendor — that pairs senior CISO-grade experience with go-to-market work, advising customer CISOs, shaping product roadmaps, and presenting at industry events. - [Fortinet FortiOS / FortiManager 2024 Zero-Days](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/fortinet-fortios-cve-2024): A 2024 series of pre-authentication vulnerabilities in Fortinet FortiOS, FortiProxy, FortiManager and the FortiGate SSL-VPN — including the FortiManager fgfmd flaw CVE-2024-47575 ('FortiJump') — exploited as zero-days by Chinese state-aligned actors. - [Frida Dynamic Instrumentation](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/frida-instrumentation): An open-source dynamic instrumentation toolkit by Ole André Vadla Ravnås that lets researchers hook, trace, and rewrite functions inside running processes on Android, iOS, Windows, macOS, and Linux — the de facto tool for mobile app reverse engineering and bypass research. - [FrostyGoop](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/frostygoop): An ICS-specific malware discovered by Dragos in 2024 that abuses Modbus TCP to disrupt energy and heating control systems, attributed by Dragos to a Russia-linked actor and tied to a January 2024 attack on a Ukrainian municipal heating utility. - [Golden SAML](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/golden-saml): An identity-attack technique that steals a federation IdP's token-signing private key (typically from AD FS) and forges arbitrary SAML responses, granting persistent, MFA-bypassing access to any federated service. - [GootLoader](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/gootloader): A long-running JavaScript-based initial-access loader operated by UNC2565, dropped via SEO-poisoned legal/contract template downloads and used to stage REvil, Cobalt Strike, IcedID, and ransomware affiliates. - [Global Privacy Control (GPC)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/gpc-global-privacy-control): A browser-level signal — an HTTP header and a JavaScript property — by which a user expresses a 'do not sell or share' opt-out, given binding legal force in California (CCPA/CPRA) and Colorado (CPA) regulations. - [GRC Analyst](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/grc-analyst): A Governance, Risk, and Compliance specialist who maintains an organization's security control framework, runs internal and third-party assessments, prepares for audits (SOC 2, ISO 27001, PCI), and translates technical reality into policy and risk language. - [Havex (Dragonfly RAT)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/havex): An ICS-aware remote access trojan used by the Dragonfly / Energetic Bear / Berserk Bear group between 2013 and 2014 in espionage campaigns against Western energy and manufacturing sectors, notable for scanning OPC servers from inside victim networks. - [HKDF (HMAC-based Key Derivation Function)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/hkdf): An extract-then-expand key derivation function based on HMAC, specified in RFC 5869, designed to turn high-entropy but non-uniform secret material (DH shared secrets, master keys) into multiple cryptographically strong keys. - [Homograph Attack (IDN Homograph)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/homograph-attack): A phishing technique that registers a domain using Unicode characters visually identical to ASCII ones — Cyrillic 'а' for Latin 'a', Greek omicron for Latin 'o' — so the attacker URL is indistinguishable from the legitimate one to the eye. - [IAB TCF (Transparency and Consent Framework)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/iab-tcf): The Interactive Advertising Bureau Europe's framework for capturing, encoding, and propagating user consent for advertising and analytics data uses under GDPR — controversial, partly invalidated by Belgian DPA in 2022, then revised as TCF v2.2. - [Infrastructure-as-Code (IaC) Security](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/iac-security): The discipline of scanning, policy-checking, and securing IaC templates (Terraform, OpenTofu, Pulumi, CloudFormation, Helm, Kubernetes manifests) before they provision misconfigured cloud resources. - [IEC 61850](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/iec-61850): An international standard for communications inside electrical substations, covering object-oriented data models (LNs), high-speed messaging (GOOSE), sampled-values measurements (SV), and MMS-based client/server traffic. - [Industroyer2 (CrashOverride 2)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/industroyer2): A 2022 evolution of the Industroyer/CrashOverride electric-grid malware, attributed by ESET to Sandworm and used in an unsuccessful April 2022 attempt to cut power in a Ukrainian regional utility. - [Inferno Drainer](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/inferno-drainer): A 2022–2023 crypto-wallet-drainer-as-a-service that emptied tens of thousands of victims' wallets by phishing them into signing token-approval transactions on fake mint and airdrop sites, before shutting down in November 2023. - [Insecure Output Handling](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/insecure-output-handling): OWASP LLM02 — passing LLM-generated output directly into downstream systems (browsers, shells, SQL, code execution) without validation, turning a hallucination or prompt injection into XSS, RCE, or SSRF. - [iOS Keychain](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/ios-keychain): Apple's encrypted credential store on iOS, iPadOS, and macOS, backed by the Secure Enclave and graded by per-item accessibility classes that bind decryption to device unlock, passcode, biometric, or hardware-bound state. - [ISO/IEC 27017](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/iso-iec-27017): A code of practice that extends ISO/IEC 27002 with cloud-specific information security controls, providing guidance for both cloud service providers and cloud service customers. - [ISO/IEC 27018](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/iso-iec-27018): A code of practice for the protection of personally identifiable information (PII) in public clouds acting as PII processors, layering privacy-specific controls on top of ISO/IEC 27002. - [ISO/IEC 42001](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/iso-iec-42001): The first international management-system standard for AI, published in December 2023, specifying requirements to establish, implement, maintain, and continually improve an AI Management System (AIMS) for organizations that develop or use AI. - [JA3 Fingerprint](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/ja3-fingerprint): A TLS client fingerprinting method by John Althouse, Jeff Atkinson, and Josh Atkins (Salesforce, 2017) that hashes the ordered TLS ClientHello parameters into a 32-character MD5 — used to identify and group TLS clients without inspecting payload. - [JA4 Fingerprint](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/ja4-fingerprint): A 2023 successor to JA3, published by John Althouse at FoxIO, that produces structured, human-readable TLS, HTTP, SSH, and TCP fingerprints designed to remain robust as TLS clients evolve and to be paired across protocols. - [Kerberos Constrained Delegation](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/kerberos-constrained-delegation): An Active Directory delegation mode that allows a service to impersonate users only to a specified set of target services — safer than unconstrained delegation, but still abused via S4U2Self / S4U2Proxy attacks when misconfigured. - [Kerberos Unconstrained Delegation](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/kerberos-unconstrained-delegation): An Active Directory configuration that lets a service receive and store TGTs for any authenticating user, allowing it to impersonate them to any other service — a high-impact misconfiguration repeatedly abused for credential theft and domain compromise. - [Kubernetes RBAC Misconfiguration](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/kubernetes-rbac-misconfig): Over-permissive Kubernetes Role/ClusterRole bindings that grant workloads, users, or service accounts cluster-wide powers — verbs on Secrets, pods/exec, impersonate — turning a single compromised container into cluster takeover. - [AWS Lambda Security](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/lambda-security): The security model and operational hardening of AWS Lambda functions — execution role least-privilege, layer integrity, code-signing, environment-variable secrets, VPC posture, and runtime threats specific to ephemeral compute. - [Lumma Stealer](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/lumma-stealer): A subscription-priced Russian-speaking malware-as-a-service info-stealer that emerged in 2022 and became one of the top-three stealers worldwide by 2024, distributed primarily via ClickFix lures and crack sites. - [Malware Analyst](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/malware-analyst): A specialist who reverse-engineers malicious binaries — static and dynamic — to extract indicators, characterize capabilities, attribute to threat groups, and produce detection content for SIEM/EDR coverage. - [Matter Protocol](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/matter-protocol): An IP-based smart-home interoperability protocol launched by the Connectivity Standards Alliance (Apple, Google, Amazon, Samsung) in 2022, with built-in certificate-based device identity, mandatory encryption, and PAKE-secured commissioning. - [ML-DSA (FIPS 204)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/ml-dsa): NIST's standardized post-quantum digital signature algorithm, derived from CRYSTALS-Dilithium and published as FIPS 204 in August 2024 — the default lattice-based PQ signature for code signing, X.509, and DNSSEC over time. - [ML-KEM (FIPS 203)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/ml-kem): NIST's standardized post-quantum key encapsulation mechanism, based on the CRYSTALS-Kyber design and published as FIPS 203 in August 2024 — now the default PQ KEM for TLS, IPsec, and hybrid key exchange. - [Mobile Jailbreak Detection (iOS)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/mobile-jailbreak-detection): Runtime checks an iOS app performs to determine whether the device has been jailbroken — looking for Cydia/Sileo/Zebra files, suspicious URL schemes, write access outside the sandbox, or App Attest disagreement. - [Mobile Root Detection (Android)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/mobile-root-detection): Defensive checks an Android app runs to determine whether it is executing on a rooted device — typically by probing for su binaries, Magisk files, busybox, dangerous build properties, or hardware-attested integrity verdicts. - [Mobile TLS Pinning Bypass](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/mobile-tls-pinning-bypass): The category of techniques used to disable certificate pinning in a mobile app — typically via Frida or Objection hooks on platform TLS APIs — so a pen-tester or attacker can run a man-in-the-middle proxy and inspect API traffic. - [MobSF (Mobile Security Framework)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/mobsf): An open-source mobile-app static and dynamic analysis platform supporting Android (APK/AAB), iOS (IPA), and Windows mobile binaries — widely used by AppSec teams as a first-pass scanner against OWASP MASVS/MASTG controls. - [Model Context Protocol (MCP)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/model-context-protocol): An open protocol introduced by Anthropic in late 2024 that standardizes how LLM clients connect to external tools, data sources, and prompts via servers, making MCP servers a primary security boundary for agentic AI. - [Model Denial of Service](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/model-denial-of-service): OWASP LLM04 — driving an LLM application into runaway resource consumption (long contexts, infinite loops, expensive tool fan-out) so it slows, becomes unavailable, or generates a ruinous cloud bill. - [MUD (Manufacturer Usage Description, RFC 8520)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/mud-rfc-8520): An IETF standard for IoT devices to publish a machine-readable description of their intended network behavior, which routers and switches can use to automatically constrain the device to its expected communication patterns. - [Network Security Engineer](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/network-security-engineer): An engineer who designs and operates an organization's network defenses — firewalls, NGFWs, segmentation, VPN/ZTNA, NDR, secure web/email gateways, DNS hygiene — and pairs network telemetry with detection content. - [NIST AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/nist-ai-rmf): NIST's voluntary framework for managing AI risks, published January 2023 (AI RMF 1.0) with a Generative AI Profile released in July 2024, organized around four Functions: Govern, Map, Measure, and Manage. - [NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.0](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/nist-csf-2-0): The February 2024 update to the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, adding a sixth 'Govern' Function alongside Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, and Recover, and broadening the audience beyond U.S. critical infrastructure to all organizations. - [Noise Protocol Framework](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/noise-protocol-framework): A composable framework by Trevor Perrin for building modern, formally analyzable secure channel protocols out of Diffie-Hellman, HKDF, and AEAD — the cryptographic core of WireGuard, Signal's I/O Pipe, and many newer protocols. - [Nomad Bridge Hack (2022)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/nomad-bridge-hack): An August 2022 attack on the Nomad cross-chain bridge where a single misconfigured trusted-root value allowed any user to copy-paste an existing withdrawal transaction with a different recipient — a chaotic ~$190 million crowd-drain. - [OAuth Consent Phishing](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/oauth-consent-phishing): An identity attack that abuses the OAuth consent flow: instead of stealing a password, the attacker tricks the victim into granting their malicious app standing permissions (mail.read, files.read.all) on the victim's tenant. - [Oblivious HTTP (OHTTP)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/oblivious-http): An IETF-standardized HTTP-over-HPKE relay protocol (RFC 9458) that decouples client identity from request content by splitting trust between a relay (sees IP, not content) and a gateway (sees content, not IP). - [osquery](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/osquery): An open-source endpoint instrumentation framework, originally from Facebook, that exposes operating-system state — processes, sockets, files, users, kernel modules — as a SQL-queryable virtual database for inventory, detection, and IR. - [PAKE (Password-Authenticated Key Exchange)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/pake): A class of cryptographic protocols (SRP, OPAQUE, SPAKE2, CPace) that let two parties derive a strong shared key from a low-entropy password without exposing the password to offline brute-force or to passive eavesdroppers. - [Palo Alto GlobalProtect / PAN-OS 2024 Zero-Days](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/palo-alto-globalprotect-cve-2024): A 2024 series of pre-authentication command-injection vulnerabilities in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS — most notably CVE-2024-3400 (GlobalProtect, CVSS 10) — exploited as zero-days by state-aligned actors and added to the CISA KEV catalog. - [Permissions-Policy](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/permissions-policy): An HTTP response header (formerly Feature-Policy) that lets a site declare which browser features — camera, microphone, geolocation, payment, USB, sensors — its own document and any embedded iframes are allowed to use. - [Phishing-Resistant MFA](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/phishing-resistant-mfa): MFA methods that cryptographically bind authentication to the legitimate web origin — FIDO2/WebAuthn passkeys, smart cards, and Windows Hello — rendering AiTM proxy phishing, MFA fatigue, and OTP interception ineffective. - [Pipedream / Incontroller](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/pipedream-incontroller): A modular ICS-attack toolkit disclosed by U.S. CISA, Dragos, and Mandiant in April 2022 — attributed by some to a Russian state actor — capable of discovering and disrupting Schneider Electric, OMRON, and OPC UA-based industrial controllers. - [PIPL (Personal Information Protection Law, China)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/pipl-china): China's comprehensive personal-information protection statute, effective November 2021, with GDPR-like data subject rights, strict cross-border transfer requirements, and substantial penalties enforced by the Cyberspace Administration of China. - [PKCE (Proof Key for Code Exchange)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/pkce): An OAuth 2.0 extension (RFC 7636) that binds an authorization-code redemption to a one-time secret created by the client, neutralizing authorization-code interception attacks on public and confidential clients alike. - [Google Play Integrity API](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/play-integrity-api): Google's server-side device-and-app attestation API for Android, the successor to SafetyNet Attestation, used by apps to verify they are running on a genuine, unmodified device with the official, Play-distributed binary. - [Polyfill.io Supply-Chain Attack (2024)](https://www.cyberglossary.org/en/term/polyfill-io-supply-chain): A June 2024 supply-chain compromise in which the polyfill.io CDN, after being acquired by a Chinese-linked company, began serving malicious JavaScript to an estimated 100,000+ sites embedding its widely-used `